In this lesson, students build two circuits and explore how transistors function. When Bell Labs introduced the transistor in June of 1948, a spokesman proudly announced "This cylindrical object . . .

A widely-used push-pull configuration of an AB class amplifier is shown in Figure 1, but it has some improvements. Figure 1 This configuration of an AB class amplifier has some improvements. First of ...

While choosing an op-amp buffer, some sources of negative supply were considered, because the buffer op-amp had to provide true zero voltage on its output. In reality, a typical rail-to-rail output op ...